Below are terms pertaining to the earth and its relationship to the sun, relevant to understanding the nature of the seasons and related phenomena. You should know the definition of each term and the concept(s) it embodies.
latitude and longitude
horizontal and vertical; up and down
sun angle
axis of the earth's rotation
plane of the earth's orbit around the sun
tilt of the earth's axis of rotation (relative to the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun)
solstices and equinoxes (including the dates and significance of each)
dates spanned by each of the seasons
Arctic and Antarctic Circles; Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn; North and South Poles; Equator (latitudes and significance of each)